Divination

This man in Rhumsiki, Cameroon, tells the future by interpreting the changes in position of various objects as caused by a fresh-water crab.

Divination is the practice of ascertaining information from supernatural sources. If a distinction is to be made with fortune-telling, divination has a formal or ritual and often social character, usually in a religious context; while fortune-telling is a more everyday practice for personal purposes. Divination is often dismissed by skeptics as being mere superstition: in the 2nd century, Lucian devoted a witty essay to the career of a charlatan, Alexander the false prophet, trained by "one of those who advertise enchantments, miraculous incantations, charms for your love-affairs, visitations for your enemies, disclosures of buried treasure, and successions to estates" [1], though most Romans believed in dreams and charms. However, advocates say there is plenty of anecdotal evidence for the efficacy of divination. Divination is a universal cultural phenomenon which anthropologists have observed as being present in many religions and cultures in all ages up to the present day. However, in the Judeo-Christian Bible most forms of divination are strictly forbidden by God.

Scientific research and methods have made it possible to predict future events with some success, e.g., eclipses, weather forecasts and volcanic eruptions. However, this is not divination. Strictly speaking, divination assumes the influence of some supernatural force or fate, whereas scientific predictions are made from an essentially mechanical, impersonal world-view and rely on empirical laws of nature. So, as an operational definition, divination would be all methods of prognostication that have not been shown to be effective using scientific research.

Beyond mere explanations for anecdoctal evidence, there are some serious theories of how divination might work. One such theory is rooted in the nature of the unconscious mind, a theory which has some empirical scientific basis. Based on this theory, divination is the process by which messages from the unconscious mind are decoded. The belief in a supernatural agency or occult force as the source of these messages is what distinguishes this theory from a scientific explanation.

Julian Jaynes categorized divination according to the following types:

• Omens and omen texts. "The most primitive, clumsy, but enduring method...is the simple recording of sequences of unusual or important events." (1976:236) Chinese history offers scrupulously documented occurrences of strange births, the tracking of natural phenomena, and other data. Chinese governmental planning relied on this method of forecasting for long-range strategy. It is not unreasonable to assume that modern scientific inquiry began with this kind of divination; Joseph Needham's work considered this very idea.

• Sortilege. This consists of the casting of lots whether with sticks, stones, bones, beans, or some other item. Modern playing cards and board games developed from this type of divination.

• Augury. Divination that ranks a set of given possibilities. It can be qualitative (such as shapes, proximities, etc.) Dowsing (a form of rhabdomancy) developed from this type of divination. The Romans in classical times used Etruscan methods of augury such as hepatoscopy (actually a form of extispicy). Haruspices examined the livers of sacrificed animals.

• Spontaneous. An unconstrained form of divination, free from any particular medium, and actually a generalization of all types of divination. The answer comes from whatever object the diviner happens to see or hear. Some Christians and members of other religions use a form of bibliomancy: they ask a question, rifle the pages of their holy book, and take as their answer the first passage their eyes light upon. Other forms of spontaneous divination include reading auras and New Age methods of Feng Shui such as "intuitive" and Fuzion.

By far one of the most popular methods of divination is Astrology, typically categorized as Vedic Astrology (Jyotish), Western Astrology, and Chinese Astrology, though besides these main three branches many other cultures also have or have had their own forms of Astrology in the past.

Methods of divination

• Aeromancy (by atmospheric conditions)
• Alectryomancy (by rooster)
• Aleuromancy (by flour, including fortune cookies): (Note: Divination by fortune cookies is also a form of Stichomancy, see below)
• Alomancy (by salt)
• Alphitomancy (by barley)
• Anemoscopy (by wind)
• Anthropomancy (by human sacrifice)
• Apantomancy (by seeing animals)
• Astragalomancy (by dice; see also Cleromancy)
• Astrology (by celestial bodies)
• Astro-Numerology (through an integration of Astrology and Numerology)
• Astro-Tarot (through an integration of Astrology and Tarot)
• Austromancy (by wind and clouds)
• Axiomancy (by axes)
• Belomancy (by arrows)
• Bibliomancy (by books, especially the Bible; see also Stichomancy)
• Biorhythms divination
• Botanomancy (by burning plants)
• Capnomancy (by smoke)
• Cartomancy (by cards, e.g., playing cards, tarot cards, and non-tarot oracle cards; see also Taromancy)
• Catoptromancy (by mirrors)
• Causimomancy (by burning)
• Cephalomancy (by skulls)
• Ceraunoscopy (by thunder and lightning)
• Ceromancy, or ceroscopy (by placing melted wax into cold water)
• Chaomancy (by aerial visions)
• Cheiromancy, or palmistry (by palms) where the grooves of the hand are interpreted as signs.
• Chirognomy (by hands)
• Clairaudience (by psychic hearing)
• Cleromancy (by casting lots or by bones; including divination by use of dice or dominoes; For divination by use of dice, see also Astragalomancy)
• Clidomancy, or cleidomancy (by keys)
• Coffee Grounds Divination, Coffee Tasseography: see Tasseography
• Cometomancy (by comet tails)
• Coscinomancy (by hanging sieves)
• Critomancy (by barley cakes)
• Cromniomancy (by onion sprouts)
• Crystallomancy (by crystals or other reflecting objects)
• Cybermancy (via computer oracles)
• Cyclomancy (by wheels)
• Daphnomancy (by burning laurel wreaths)
• Demonomancy (by demons)
• Dice divination (see also Astragalomancy and Cleromancy)
• Dominoes divination (see also Cleromancy)
• Empyromancy (by burning)
• Extispicy (from the exta of sacrificed animals)
• Geomancy (by earth), includes Feng Shui divination
• Geloscopy (by laughter)
• Graphology (by handwriting)
• Gyromancy (by dizziness)
• Hepatoscopy, or haruspication or hepatomancy (by liver)
• Hippomancy (by horses)
• Hydromancy (by water)
• I Ching divination (ancient Chinese divination using I Ching): (However, as performed by some diviners with heavy reliance on an accompanying I Ching manual, this is, in effect, also a form of Bibliomancy/Stichomancy)
• Icthyomancy (by fish)
• Lampadomancy (by light)
• Lecanomancy (by a basin of water)
• Libanomancy (by incense)
• Literomancy (by a letter in a given written language)
• Lithomancy (by precious stones)
• Mahjong divination (by Mahjong tiles)
• Margaritomancy (by bouncing pearls)
• Metagnomy (by visions)
• Meteormancy (by meteors)
• Metoposcopy (by foreheads)
• Moleosophy (by blemishes)
• Myomancy (by rodent behaviour)
• Myrmomancy (by ant behaviour)
• Nephomancy (by clouds)
• Numerology (by numbers)
• Oculomancy (by eyes)
• Oinomancy (by wine)
• Omphalomancy (by umbilical chords)
• Oneiromancy (by dreams)
• Onomancy (by names)
• Onychomancy (by fingernails)
• Oomantia, or ooscopy or ovomancy (by eggs)
• Ophiomancy (by snakes)
• Oracle-books divination (e.g., Chinese: I Ching (Book of Changes), Ling Ch'i Ching (Spiritual Chess Classic), I Lin (Forest of Change), T'ai Hsüan Ching (Canon of the Supreme Mystery); African: Ifá; Western: Sabian Symbols): See also Stichomancy/Bibliomancy
• Orniscopy, or orinthomancy (by birds of flight)
• Ouija board divination
• Palmistry (by palm inspection)
• Pegomancy (by spring water)
• Phrenology (by the shape of one's head)
• Phyllorhodomancy (by rose petals)
• Plastromancy (by cracks formed by heat on a turtle's plastron)
• Pyromancy, or pyroscopy (by fire)
• Rhabdomancy (by rod or stick)
• Rhapsodomancy (by poetry)
• Runecasting (by Runes)
• Scatomancy (by droppings, usually animal)
• Scapulimancy (by bovine or caprid scapulae)
• Sciomancy (by spirits)
• Sideromancy (by burning of straw)
• Spodomancy (by ash)
• Stichomancy (by books/by lines; see also Bibliomancy)
• Stolisomancy (by clothing)
• Taromancy (by specially designed cards: Tarot; see also Cartomancy)
• Tasseography (or Tasseomancy) (by tea leaves or by coffee grounds): From French tasse [cup], which in turn derives from Arabic tassa [cup].
• Tephramancy (by bark ashes)
• Tiromancy (by cheese)
• Xylomancy (by burning wood)

Other Uses

• For the poem "Divination" attributed to Qu Yuan, see Bu Ju.
• In the video game Tiberian Sun, divination refers to the process of controlled Tiberium mutation.

Related articles

• Anthropology of religion
• Bone divination
• Dream interpretation
• Esotericism
• Futurology
• I Ching
• Ifá
• New Age
• Occultism
• Omen
• Runecasting
• Scrying
• Tarot
• Western mystery tradition

For further reading

Popular

• Robert Todd Carroll (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary. Wiley.
• Clifford A. Pickover (2001). Dreaming the Future: The Fantastic Story of Prediction. Prometheus.
• Eva Shaw (1995). Divining the Future. Facts on File.
• The Diagram Group (1999). The Little Giant Encyclopedia of Fortune Telling. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.

Academic

• E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, oracles, and magic among the Azande (1976)
• Toufic Fahd, La divination arabe; études religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques sur le milieu natif d’Islam (1966)
• Michael Loewe and Carmen Blacke, eds. Oracles and divination (Shambhala/Random House, 1981) ISBN 0877732140
• J. P. Vernant, Divination et rationalité (1974)

External links

• Ancient Astrology and Divination on the Web , resources on Greco-Roman and Mesopotamian divination
• W. R. Halliday, Greek Divination (1913), a complete scanned editon of the most recent general treatment of Greek divination
• 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: Divination
• Encyclopedia Iranica: Divination
• Theory of Divination by Tim Maroney, exploring different possible mechanisms